Ans: Inode has 13 block addresses. The first 10 are direct block addresses of the first 10 data blocks in the file. The 11th address points to a one-level index block. The 12th address points to a two-level (double in-direction) index block. The 13th address points to a three-level (triple in-direction) index block. This provides a very large maximum file size with efficient access to large files, but also small files are accessed directly in one disk read.

Ans: While booting, special process called the 'swapper' or 'scheduler' is created with Process-ID 0. The swapper manages memory allocation for processes and influences CPU allocation. The swapper in turn creates 3 children:
the process dispatcher,
vhand and
dbflush
with IDs 1,2 and 3 respectively.
This is done by executing the file /etc/init. Process dispatcher gives birth to the shell. UNIX keeps track of all the processes in an internal data structure called the Process Table (listing command is ps -el).

Ans: Check your hard disk device

and use the fdisk and the hard disk device name Eg /dev/sda

Ans: Cat displays file contents. If the file is large the contents scroll off the screen before we view it. So command 'more' is like a pager which displays the contents page by page.

Ans: A signal is a message which can be sent to a running process. Signals can be initiated by programs, users, or administrators. For example, to the proper method of telling the Internet Daemon (inetd) to re-read its configuration file is to send it a SIGHUP signal.

Ans: The set of pages that are referred by the process in the last? N? References, where? N? is called the window of the working set of the process.

Ans: ZAP, which selectively kills processes, is another program. The main problem with that version is speed; it creates so many processes that it runs slowly, which is especially undesirable for a program that kills errant processes rewriting ZAP in C will make it faster.

Ans: Your system may have a command called learn which provides computer aided instruction on the file system and basic commands, the editor, document preparation and even ?C? Programming. IF $learn exists on your system, it will teach you what to do from there.

Ans: (1)/bin: contains many programs which will be executed by users (2)/etc: files used by administrator (3)/dev: hardware devices (4)/lib: system libraries (5)/usr: application software (6)/home: home directories for different systems.

Ans: The swapper is the only process that swaps the processes. The Swapper operates only in the Kernel mode and it does not uses System calls instead it uses internal Kernel functions for swapping. It is the archetype of all kernel process.